The artisans’ works include making clay-pots Essay

From the very beginning of our Banglee culture, pottery has represented our identity and lifestyle. The artisans’ works include making clay-pots, earthen ware, toys of clay and different idols of gods and goddesses have been the tradition of our culture. But it is now regrettable that in recent times, especially in the last decade potters have been in distress. Because of these unavoidable factors like clay, lack of capital, unsatisfactory selling of clay pots, lack of fuel wood for burning raw pots, their plight is in peril. Earthenware and fashionable things of clay are being rapidly supplanted by aluminum, plastic, steel and other alternative materials. Even toys for children are being made with wood and cloth. Besides, so cold prestigious people never tend to buy earthenware thinking their image and status. But it is admitted everywhere that cooking pot of clay is more conducive to health than pot of silver or other materials. Cooking rice of clay-pots help to cure gastric problem. And pitchers keep water cool in hot days. Another cause for not selling clayware is its brittleness. Inspite of being more cheaper than other aluminum or plastic made pots, clay-pots are not being sold available. Thus potters have to survive with a negligible earning. 3. Pat and Patua important audio-visual mediums in educating the masses since immortal. There is a very deep cultural link the Indo-Gangetic civilisation, such as that of terra-cotta, cloth and natural fibre like jute, â€Å"shola† and beetle nut bark fibre, which are on the verge of extinction. These items go back to as much as 12 centuries. The Moenjodaro link which is visible in our terracotta dolls and toys go back to 3,000 years. Not only has that history been forgotten but the realisation that they are diminishing is that within two decades they’ll be there no more. â€Å"One craft in particular which has suffered as recently as in 15 years is the type of painted scroll called ‘Ghazir pott’. Ghazi is a ‘pir’ recognised both by the Hindus and Muslims, by the woodcutters, honey gatherers, fishermen and boatmen in the Sundarbans. They invoke the Ghazi pir, the tiger personality who protects the people who enter the jungle.† The ‘Ghazir pott’ is a series of folk stories told by the village men of the bravery of this man who protected them from tigers. Ghazi, she said, is sacred to the Hindus too as they have a similar personality whom they called ‘Shatta pir’ but he rides a leopard while Ghazi rides a tiger and both carry symbols in their hands.† One important reason for the diminishing of crafts is that the metropolis dwellers are not paying according to the demand of the producers. When the villagers are putting the products into the market the price is cut to half and bargaining goes on. The elite are least bothered while the middle class like the items and wish to use them at home but unless one is a connoisseur of art the people of the upper echelons of society have forgotten village crafts altogether â€Å"People are ready to pay a high price for painting but they are not ready to pay for a craft that has taken six months whereas the painting may have been done in three days. When a woman has worked on her handicraft on an authentic design for half a year she has the right to ask for more†. â€Å"Karika† products are art crafts and not just handicrafts, she stressed. For this reason the theme of the exhibit had been â€Å"Know Bengali cultural roots.† Kumar or potter family are found all over Bangladesh. The elaborate terra cotta tile works display enormous sweep and dedicated Kumars. In some communities of kumars make clay pots, vessel for cooking, storing water etc. Other sub-castes fashion figures in the shape of animals, birds, humans and children toys. The â€Å"Sakher Hari†, an earthen pot, painted with images of fish, combs, birds and floral creepers to denote fertility is used to carry sweets for a marriage ceremony. 10.The Lost Art of Metal Casting The lost-wax technique is an ancient art that dates back over 2,000 years or older in India, China, and Egypt. In the 15th century it was used by the likes of Donatello for the making large-scale bronze nudes. Bowls and plates made with intricate etchings are made using other methods. Material Most of the figures are made from bronze (a copper and tin alloy) or brass (a copper and zinc alloy). Hindu figures are made out of eight metals believed to have an auspicious connection to the planets. The eight metals are: copper, zinc, tin, iron, lead, mercury, gold and silver. Once a dying art, metal-casting is being revived by Sukanta Banik, whose business in Dhamrai has been in the family for five generations. Until recently, Banik’s forefathers had been making household items with brass and bronze — kasha and pittal. But in 1971, Sukanta’s uncle Shakhi Gopal Banik and his partner, Mosharraf Hossein, changed direction and started producing works of art: figures from Hindu mythology and folk art as well as Buddhist and Jain sculptures. Designs of the gods and goddesses Designs of the gods and goddesses are based on the art of the Pala dynasty. They tend to be very intricate, and stand distinguished from statues made elsewhere, The lost-wax technique allows helps Banik’s artisans create more pronounced detailing. In contrast to most Indian statues, whose details are etched onto the solid metal form, the details of one of Banik’s statues are made on the soft wax at the initial stages of the sculpting, using soft wax thread, which is then carved into with a bamboo stick. Thus, the embellishments take on a three-dimensional quality. Murtis from India also differ in that they are usually made from a Master mold. We must attempt to preserve this age-old tradition, not just in Dhamrai, but in other centers like Jamalpur, Islampur, Tangail, Kushtia, and Dhaka.† In the words of friend and supporter, Matt Friedman, â€Å"If [the metal casting] trade is someday lost, an important part of Bangladesh’s artistic tradition will vanish forever.† Hats off to Mr. Banik for bringing this decidedly Bangalee tradition back to life (Manisha Gangopadhyay, November 8, 2004). 11. Satranji : Weaving for a cause -Rugs steeped in history Even if it’s not Aladdin’s magic carpet, the lure of the 1,000 year old traditional jute rug –Satranji continues to have buyers in its thrall. The elegance and splendour of the rug is believed to have captivated even the great Mughal Emperor Akbar. The charm of Satranji was evident both in palaces and huts. Recently, the lyrical beauty of the Satranji was on display at the lounge of the Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel. Hanging on walls, placed on a traditional Palanko( the highly decorative antique bed of kings, nawabs and zamindars), the soft lighting created a dreamy atmosphere with splashes of bright colours at the exhibition premises. With the title ‘Colour Your Home with Village Art’, a three-day exhibition started on October 3, 2004. The organiser was famous designer Bibi Russell in collaboration with Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel. The exhibition is a fund raiser.’ Twenty percent of the proceeds will be donated to Lifebuoy Friendship Hospital. The rest of the funds will go to the North Bengal weaver community who made these magnificent rugs,’ said Bibi. ‘We are focusing on the women weavers of Rangpur. They have suffered a series of natural adversities- the harmful flood, devastating rains and drought. Consequently, these people are uncertain about how to celebrate Eid. In the exhibition, around 80 Satranjis made of 100 percent jute, are on display with various colours and designs in folk tradition. From Pilpa, which was known as Hatipaya to Jafri, Itkhati, Latai the traditional mingled with modern designs depicting the motifs of elephant footprints, motifs from Jamdani and the intrinsic geometrical patterns. About the designs Bibi says, ‘ The traditional motifs are absolutely superb (Afsar Ahmed, Daily Star, November 5, 2004). 12.Bamboo-based cottage industry faces extinction Bamboo-based cottage industry in Shariatpur, Madaripur, Gopalganj, Rajbari and Faridpur is on the verge of extinction due to lack of raw materials and shrinking of market for the products. Market sources said the short fall in raw materials is triggered by indiscriminate extraction of bamboo trees for building houses and various goods, uprooting the bamboo for setting up settlements and lack of any initiatives to preserve or grow bamboo clusters. Besides, the local markets are being flooded with metal or plastic goods leaving no rooms for the bamboo made ones. Consumers are increasingly buying metal or plastic goods instead of bamboo-made products because of their cost effectiveness and durability. As a result, thousands of bamboo craftsmen have already left their inherited profession in search of alternative jobs. A large number of them have become jobless finding no other alternatives, the sources said. The Dying Art Of Clinical Medicine Allopathic Medicine is an art and science. It is unique isn’t it? How it is an art? Because when a patient and doctor interact there is a (Hi) story of the patient’s symptoms, feelings. A patient hearing on the part of the doctor. By the history (Symptoms) the doctor assumes or infers the possibilities of the diagnosis. Then he examines the patient which include pulse and Blood pressure recording, Heart and lung check with his stethoscope and then the physical examination of the patient. Then he comes to a possible diagnosis eg: A simple cold, a bacterial infection, An appendicitis, meningitis, diarrhea etc, etc. This is called clinical diagnosis. This above part is the art of medicine. The scientific part is †¦ordering some tests like blood tests, X-ray, (ultra sonogram, MRI in modern times)etc to confirm the clinical diagnosis. This type of Clinical (Art) & scientific diagnosis was prevalent about 25-30 years before. Now a days it has become 1.(Doctor’s) protective medicine because for any untoward reaction like allergy to a drug or a coincidental occurrence like say â€Å"the patient is already dying and the doctor is forced to save him by hook or crook by the relatives,( specially in Tamilnadu people think a good practice is giving..1.an injection, 2. Few costly tablets and a 3.syrup called as tonic.. Even a cough syrup is considered a tonic etc and now a days a drip is a must.Such doctors(quacks) mint money due to the gullibility of the public.But the genuine and sincere doctor doctor is vulnerable (if any untoward like a natural death happens) to mob attack and abuse, law suits and brandishing as bad doctor. So present day medical practice is protective. Thus the art of medicine is dying and the clinicians are becoming stooges of lab tests, Scans, pharmaceuticals and Insurance /business motivators and last but not the least. .the patients and their relatives.

Microeconomics

Question 1) With examples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individual's behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends and the study of microeconomics are considered the basis of modern macroeconomics.Macroeconomics is concerned with the big picture, for example, the national economy and gross domestic product. By contrast, microeconomics is concerned with the small picture and focuses on theories of supply and demand. Firstly, microeconomics is very important in business, especially when it comes to a new business. Entrepreneurs create businesses by purchasing and utilizing factors of produ ction. In order to estimate the potential return on investment (ROI) of those factors of production, entrepreneurs must have a basic knowledge of microeconomic concepts such as supply, demand, cost and profit.Without the basics of microeconomics, it is impossible to know how much a particular good can be sold for in a particular area. Furthermore, without microeconomic basics on costs and earnings, it is impossible to estimate ROI, thus will lead to poor financial investments. Microeconomics is very useful in business decision making. It helps business to achieve maximum production with the given amount of resources. Business firms can make decisions in demand analysis, cost analysis and methods of calculating prices.Second, marketing people must have a basic understanding of microeconomics so that they can set prices for products and decide in which markets to sell those products. For example, with an understanding of microeconomics, a computer company marketing manager can advise the CEO to start allowing instalment payments in case of an economic downturn, thus recovering business from customers hit hard by the recession. A marketing manager without a sense of economics might not realize that such options are available. Third, microeconomics is important when it comes to management.Managers must understand the concept of return on investment (ROI) when setting salaries for new hires, as employees are supposed to generate profits for the company. Managers must also have an understanding of microeconomics when making general budget decisions. A project shouldn't be given a budget that exceeds what the project is expected to produce in future earnings. These kinds of decisions are based on the microeconomic concepts of cost, revenue and profit. Fourth, Finance and Accounting also requires the understandings of microeconomics.Finance people probably use microeconomics more than anyone else in business. Financial analysts use microeconomic and macroeconomic theo ries in order to forecast the future value of financial assets. For example, gold, stocks, bonds and other investments. A securities analyst might use microeconomic data to determine the change in income of people in a given country, then use the microeconomic concept of â€Å"price elasticity of demand† for the responsiveness of consumer demand to changes in consumer income and to determine whether the price of a given asset will rise or fall in that country.Accountants use financial ratios that are derived from microeconomics. Lastly, the understanding of microeconomic is needed to provide tools for economic policies. Microeconomic helps to impose tax rates by analyzing the demand and supply factors. It also helps to determine the government policies on the resource allocation and pricing. Government also make policies to control the prices of goods by using the theory of price ceiling and price floor. By understanding microeconomics, we can examine the implications and eff ectiveness of the government policies. Question 2) Define â€Å"ceteris paribus â€Å".Explain why the device of ceteris paribus is so important in economics. Ceteris Paribus is a Latin phrase that translates approximately to â€Å"holding other things constant† and is usually rendered in English as â€Å"all other things being equal†. In Economics the term â€Å"Ceteris Paribus† is used quite often to assume all other factors to remain the same, while analysing the relationship between any two variables. For example, when discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise.Here, the use of â€Å"ceteris paribus† is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome such as the existence of a substitute product remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes and the theoretical relationship of cause and effect. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant.For example, it can be predicted that if the price of beef increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of beef demanded by buyers will decrease. In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example.Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include the relative change in price of substitute goods like the price of beef vs. chicken, t he level of risk dislikes among buyers like the fear of mad cow disease, and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level like a societal shift toward vegetarianism. If we try to establish the relationship between demand and price, there may be other variables which may also influence demand besides price. The influence of other factors may invalidate the hypothesis that quantity demanded of a commodity is inversely related to its price.If rise in price takes place along with an increasing in income or a change technology, then the effect of price change may not be the same. However, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. Ceteris Paribus is important in economics as it is an assumption which we are bound to make when there are complexities in the reality. It is necessary for the sake of convenience. The limitations of human intelligence and capacity compel us to make this as sumption.Besides, without the assumption we cannot reach on economic relations, sequences and conclusions. In fact, there are large numbers of variables interacting simultaneously at a given time. If our analysis has to be accurate we may have to examine two variables at a time which makes it inevitable to assume other variables to remain unchanged. For the ceteris paribus assumption, let’s take for example by assuming an economist examines a model explaining the relationship between the price and quantity purchased of Coca-Cola. The theory is â€Å"if the price increases, then the quantity of Coca-Cola decreases, ceteris paribus. Now assume the process of Coca-Cola was observed to increased one summer and some people actually bought more, not less. Based on this real-world observation, you would declare the theory is wrong but actually the economist responds that this is a reasoning pitfall because the model is valid based on the assumption of ceteris paribus, and your obse rvation gives no reason to reject the model. The reason the model appeared flawed is because another factor which is a sharp rise in the temperature. The rise in temperature caused people to buy more Coca-Cola in spite of its higher price.If the temperature and all other factors were held constant as the price of Coca-Cola rises, then people indeed would buy less Coca-Cola, as the model predicts. Therefore, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. As a conclusion, ceteris paribus is important as it enhances our understandings towards the theoretical relationship of cause and effect as we can analyse the relationship between two variable without having any other variable influencing the results.The assumption of Ceteris Paribus eliminates the influence of other factors which may get in the way of establishing a scientific statement regarding the behaviour of economic variables. References Question 1 reference : Importance of microeconomics, http://www. slideshare. net/tribhuwan64/presentation-on-importance-of-microecon omics Importance of microeconomics, http://www. ehow. com/info_8301181_importance-microeconomics-business. html Question 2 reference: Microeconomics for Today, books. google. com. my/books? isbn=0538469447 Basic Tools in Economics, http://wikieducator. org/Basic_Tools_in_Economic_Analysis Microeconomics Question 1) With examples give 5 reasons why the study of microeconomics is important. Microeconomics is a field of economic study that focuses on how an individual's behaviour and decisions affect the supply and demand for goods and services. For the purpose of microeconomics, the actions of individuals, households and businesses are crucial, unlike the study of macroeconomics, which focuses on national and international economic trends. Despite the differences between the two fields, however, micro-level trends and the study of microeconomics are considered the basis of modern macroeconomics.Macroeconomics is concerned with the big picture, for example, the national economy and gross domestic product. By contrast, microeconomics is concerned with the small picture and focuses on theories of supply and demand. Firstly, microeconomics is very important in business, especially when it comes to a new business. Entrepreneurs create businesses by purchasing and utilizing factors of produ ction. In order to estimate the potential return on investment (ROI) of those factors of production, entrepreneurs must have a basic knowledge of microeconomic concepts such as supply, demand, cost and profit.Without the basics of microeconomics, it is impossible to know how much a particular good can be sold for in a particular area. Furthermore, without microeconomic basics on costs and earnings, it is impossible to estimate ROI, thus will lead to poor financial investments. Microeconomics is very useful in business decision making. It helps business to achieve maximum production with the given amount of resources. Business firms can make decisions in demand analysis, cost analysis and methods of calculating prices.Second, marketing people must have a basic understanding of microeconomics so that they can set prices for products and decide in which markets to sell those products. For example, with an understanding of microeconomics, a computer company marketing manager can advise the CEO to start allowing instalment payments in case of an economic downturn, thus recovering business from customers hit hard by the recession. A marketing manager without a sense of economics might not realize that such options are available. Third, microeconomics is important when it comes to management.Managers must understand the concept of return on investment (ROI) when setting salaries for new hires, as employees are supposed to generate profits for the company. Managers must also have an understanding of microeconomics when making general budget decisions. A project shouldn't be given a budget that exceeds what the project is expected to produce in future earnings. These kinds of decisions are based on the microeconomic concepts of cost, revenue and profit. Fourth, Finance and Accounting also requires the understandings of microeconomics.Finance people probably use microeconomics more than anyone else in business. Financial analysts use microeconomic and macroeconomic theo ries in order to forecast the future value of financial assets. For example, gold, stocks, bonds and other investments. A securities analyst might use microeconomic data to determine the change in income of people in a given country, then use the microeconomic concept of â€Å"price elasticity of demand† for the responsiveness of consumer demand to changes in consumer income and to determine whether the price of a given asset will rise or fall in that country.Accountants use financial ratios that are derived from microeconomics. Lastly, the understanding of microeconomic is needed to provide tools for economic policies. Microeconomic helps to impose tax rates by analyzing the demand and supply factors. It also helps to determine the government policies on the resource allocation and pricing. Government also make policies to control the prices of goods by using the theory of price ceiling and price floor. By understanding microeconomics, we can examine the implications and eff ectiveness of the government policies. Question 2) Define â€Å"ceteris paribus â€Å".Explain why the device of ceteris paribus is so important in economics. Ceteris Paribus is a Latin phrase that translates approximately to â€Å"holding other things constant† and is usually rendered in English as â€Å"all other things being equal†. In Economics the term â€Å"Ceteris Paribus† is used quite often to assume all other factors to remain the same, while analysing the relationship between any two variables. For example, when discussing the laws of supply and demand, one could say that if demand for a given product outweighs supply, ceteris paribus, prices will rise.Here, the use of â€Å"ceteris paribus† is simply saying that as long as all other factors that could affect the outcome such as the existence of a substitute product remain constant, prices will increase in this situation. One of the disciplines in which ceteris paribus are most widely used is economics, in which they are employed to simplify the formulation and description of economic outcomes and the theoretical relationship of cause and effect. When using ceteris paribus in economics, assume all other variables except those under immediate consideration are held constant.For example, it can be predicted that if the price of beef increases, ceteris paribus, the quantity of beef demanded by buyers will decrease. In this example, the clause is used to operationally describe everything surrounding the relationship between both the price and the quantity demanded of an ordinary good. This operational description intentionally ignores both known and unknown factors that may also influence the relationship between price and quantity demanded, and thus to assume ceteris paribus is to assume away any interference with the given example.Such factors that would be intentionally ignored include the relative change in price of substitute goods like the price of beef vs. chicken, t he level of risk dislikes among buyers like the fear of mad cow disease, and the level of overall demand for a good regardless of its current price level like a societal shift toward vegetarianism. If we try to establish the relationship between demand and price, there may be other variables which may also influence demand besides price. The influence of other factors may invalidate the hypothesis that quantity demanded of a commodity is inversely related to its price.If rise in price takes place along with an increasing in income or a change technology, then the effect of price change may not be the same. However, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. Ceteris Paribus is important in economics as it is an assumption which we are bound to make when there are complexities in the reality. It is necessary for the sake of convenience. The limitations of human intelligence and capacity compel us to make this as sumption.Besides, without the assumption we cannot reach on economic relations, sequences and conclusions. In fact, there are large numbers of variables interacting simultaneously at a given time. If our analysis has to be accurate we may have to examine two variables at a time which makes it inevitable to assume other variables to remain unchanged. For the ceteris paribus assumption, let’s take for example by assuming an economist examines a model explaining the relationship between the price and quantity purchased of Coca-Cola. The theory is â€Å"if the price increases, then the quantity of Coca-Cola decreases, ceteris paribus. Now assume the process of Coca-Cola was observed to increased one summer and some people actually bought more, not less. Based on this real-world observation, you would declare the theory is wrong but actually the economist responds that this is a reasoning pitfall because the model is valid based on the assumption of ceteris paribus, and your obse rvation gives no reason to reject the model. The reason the model appeared flawed is because another factor which is a sharp rise in the temperature. The rise in temperature caused people to buy more Coca-Cola in spite of its higher price.If the temperature and all other factors were held constant as the price of Coca-Cola rises, then people indeed would buy less Coca-Cola, as the model predicts. Therefore, the assumption that the other variables are unchanged will eliminate the interrupting influences of other variables. As a conclusion, ceteris paribus is important as it enhances our understandings towards the theoretical relationship of cause and effect as we can analyse the relationship between two variable without having any other variable influencing the results.The assumption of Ceteris Paribus eliminates the influence of other factors which may get in the way of establishing a scientific statement regarding the behaviour of economic variables. References Question 1 reference : Importance of microeconomics, http://www. slideshare. net/tribhuwan64/presentation-on-importance-of-microecon omics Importance of microeconomics, http://www. ehow. com/info_8301181_importance-microeconomics-business. html Question 2 reference: Microeconomics for Today, books. google. com. my/books? isbn=0538469447 Basic Tools in Economics, http://wikieducator. org/Basic_Tools_in_Economic_Analysis

An essay on the novel Frankenstein Essay

The novel Frankenstein is as relevant and terrifying today as it was when it was first published At the time that Mary Shelly wrote the book Frankenstein the idea of creating and bringing people back to life using electricity was a prominent idea in science. She was also reading Emile by a famous French philosopher Rousseau where he argues that mans nature is harmless but is made evil by society. These ideas help to influence her novel and contribute to the key themes. When Mary Shelly was young her mother died and this ties in with the character of Victor whose mother also dies from giving birth to his brother William, who is later murdered by the creature, (Mary Shelly also had a son called William who died at the age of 3). Mary Shelly’s first child died twelve days after she was born, she had a dream that her child had come back to life she wrote â€Å"Dream that my little baby came to life again – that it had only been cold and that we rubbed it by the fire and it lived – I awake and find no baby – I think about the little thing all day† this tragedy is reflected in Frankenstein with the idea of bringing the dead back to life. Mary Shelly’s own childhood seems to have been brought up in the character of the creature, the creature was abandoned by Victor and Mary Shelly seems to feel that her mother abandoned her because she died when Shelly was only a baby. The book Frankenstein has three different narrators though out the novel; Robert Walton, the captain of a ship heading for the North Pole. Victor Frankenstein the creator of the creature and finally the creature itself, although Victor and the creatures stories are embedded in Walton’s narrative. Mary Shelly uses Walton’s letters to his sister to tell the story from his point of view and that of Victor and the creature. The book starts with Walton writing letters to his sister. Walton then encounters Victor Frankenstein when his ship can go no further north because it is stuck in the ice; Victor Frankenstein has been traveling across the ice following the creature and is ill because of the cold. Robert Walton takes him aboard his ship where Victor Frankenstein tells him the story of creating the creature. Victor tells him about his childhood in Geneva which he spent with his cousin Elizabeth. Victor went to the University of Ingolstadt. While he was there he became obsessed with the idea of bringing people back to life. Victor thinks he has found the secret of life and puts together a human being from bits of other dead people. It was a â€Å"dreary night in November† when he finally brings the creature to life. He looks at the repulsive thing that he has created and it horrifies him. He tries to sleep but is disturbed by dreams of his mother and Elizabeth â€Å"I held the corpse of my dead mother in my arms†, he wakes up to see the creature standing over him. Mary Shelly is increasing the tension and making the reader more involved. He escaped into the streets of Igolstadt and runs into his friend Clerval, who had come to study at the university. Victor takes his friend back to his apartment, but he finds that the creature is no longer there. He then becomes ill from a fever; the sickness is a sign that he has realized the horror of what he has done. Before he returns to Geneva he receives a letter from his father telling him his brother William has been murdered. Victor hurries home and when he was passing through the woods where William was murdered, he catches sight of the creature and is convinced the creature killed him, Mary Shelly is increasing the horror with each event as the story unfolds. Victor took a holiday in the mountains to try and ease his grief for his brother. While he is alone one day, crossing a glacier, the creature approaches him. The creature then tells Victor what has happened to him he describes running away from Igolstadt after he was assaulted by the towns’ people, and how he hid away in forests where he discovered fire. He discovers a small shed where he spends some time as he is sheltered from the rain; there is a small peep hole where he can look in to a family house this is where he learns to speak as there is a foreigner in the house who the family is teaching to speak their language. The creature asks Victor to create another creature for him to be his companion. Victor agrees but later after he has started he destroys the second creature so the creature tells him he will be there on Victor’s wedding night. On his return to Geneva Victor marries Elizabeth. He fears what the creature said to him and that he will kill him. To be careful he sends Elizabeth away to wait for him. While he waits for the creature, he hears Elizabeth scream and Victor realizes that the creature had been hinting at killing his new wife. Victor returns home and his father dies of sorrow shortly after. Victor says that he will devote the rest of his life to finding the creature and getting his revenge. Victor tracks the creature northwards and it becomes icy. Victor almost catches up with the creature, but the ice breaks and Victor cannot reach the creature. Victor dies shortly after he finishes telling his story. Walton then tells the remainder of the story in letters written to his sister. When Walton returns, several days later, to the room in which the body lies he is shocked to see the creature weeping over Victor. The creature tells Walton about his suffering. He then says that now his creator has died he can end his own torment. The creature then walks off for the northernmost ice to die. In chapter 5 Shelly describes how the monster comes to life and how Frankenstein has a nervous breakdown. He had spent two years working on the creature and it turned out to be an abomination in his eyes. Shelly tries to terrify the reader by using some very strong emotive words â€Å"with an anxiety that almost lead to agony†, she makes the creature look as grotesque as possible â€Å"His yellow skin barely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath† she also writes â€Å"his watery eyes, that seemed almost the same as the dun white sockets. † Victor never refers to the creature as a human; he refers to it as a â€Å"wretch†, â€Å"monster†, â€Å"creature† and â€Å"demonical corpse†, this helps to show how Victor rejects the creature as soon as he has brought it to life just because of the way it looks, this is how the creature is treated by society through out the rest of the novel, he is seen as a monster and is rejected by society. These make the creature seem repulsive and grotesque, the thoughts of this creature would have terrified readers when it was first published but I do not think that it has the same effect on readers today. Far worse things are viewed in many places for example on the internet, television or in newspapers although something which had an appearance like the creature would probably still be rejected by society today and would still be considered horrifying.

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inflation - Essay Example There have been cases around the globe known as hyperinflation. Though there is no official definition for it, it is generally accepted as a 50% annual inflation rate. Ecuador suffered through a 96% inflation rate in 2000 ("Background Note: Ecuador"). This was caused by a weak economy, massive debt from El Nino in 1998, and a floating currency. The president was ousted in Jan. 2000 and caused a 75% spike in a one-month period. The new government restructured the debt, privatized state owned industries, and tied the currency to the US dollar. The following years saw lower rates and it had dropped to 1.9% in 2004 ("Background Note: Ecuador"). The war and economic hardships in the former Yugoslavia resulted in inflation rates in the period 1971-91 of 69 percent, with hyperinflation of more than 50 percent per month in 1989 (Hanke). According to experts, Slobodan Milosevic triggered the hyperinflation by granting $1.8 billion in unauthorized credits to Serbian-owned enterprises (Hanke). It was only brought under control when the war ended and a new government was installed. Though the UAE and Dubai have not seen these rates of inflation, it has been on the rise in recent years. It was 2.8% in 2002 and is estimated to hit 20% in 2006. That was up from 10.5% in 2005 ("United Arab Emirates"). The rate was 3.2% and 4.6% in 2003-2004.

Financial Management in Multinational Organizations Research Paper

Financial Management in Multinational Organizations - Research Paper Example Financial management helps organizations in financial planning and control and evaluation of risks. It has been rightly argued that maximizing shareholder value perhaps only the most effective method to benefit every stakeholder. Multinational organizations are firms that take part in some type of global business. Their financial management involves global investing as well as financing choices that are planned to capitalize on the worth of the multinational organization. Firms may primarily try to sell products abroad to a specific nation or trade supplies in from an overseas producer. However, in due course, a number of them identify further prospects and finally start subsidiaries within foreign nations. International financial management is vital even for firms that have no global dealings. These firms are required to be familiar with how their overseas rivals will be influenced by activities within â€Å"exchange rates, foreign interest rate, labor costs† (Kyaw et al, 201 1, p. 21), and price rises. Therefore, contradictory goals increase the issue of setting priorities. When tough competition exists within the home country, a business may rely on entering or expanding its overseas base. Nonetheless, if a corporation is ineffective within the home market, it is expected to have difficulties in a foreign country also. Additionally, the controller should be aware of local traditions as well as risks within the global markets. A large, stable corporation with considerable global experience may ultimately have completely owned subsidiaries. On the other hand, a small business with restricted foreign understanding functioning in uncertain fields may be limited to export and import operations. If the corporation`s sales force has nominal knowledge in export sales, it is wise to employ foreign agents when expert understanding of foreign markets is considered necessary. When adequate amount exists, the corporation may set up a foreign branch sales office tog ether with the sales group as well as technical service workers. When the function establishes, manufacturing services may be positioned within the foreign market. Nonetheless, a number of foreign nations need authorization earlier than foreign sales and production can go on; here, a â€Å"foreign licensee sells and produces the product† (Li & Tallman, 2011, p. 56). A setback with this is that classified data and understanding are provided to the licensees who can then turn into a rival at the termination of the contract.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 23

Assignment - Essay Example The better looking components of the GDP were housing, business investments in software and equipment and increased consumer spending. Consumer spending is a key element for the betterment of the economythis year as seen it augmented at a 2.2% rate as compared to 1.6% in the third quarter. This was most probably because the personal income had increased by 2.8 percent in December 2012 (bea.gov) 1c. According to the Federal Reserve officials the downfall in economic growth in the fourth quarter of 2012 seems to be mainly due to ‘weather-related disturbances and various other temporary factors. However budget tightening is also a leading factor in the economic fall this quarter such as military spending that went down at a rate of 22.2% (Mitchell, 2013). The situation is likely to move towards betterment as the consumers are becoming more confident as prices of homes is increasing which gives them a feeling of security. As companies in the U.S invest more in equipment and software and consumers spending power growing, the economic situation might get better in 2013. 1d. The U.S economy was in trough in 2009 but it seems now that currently it is just about to enter the expansion phase. With the all the positive energy of the economy experts and their hopes up we might just see a bright future after all. 2b. There have been many reasons for the increase in value of Euro. People are now much relaxed about the death of the currency as the crisis no longer seems to be a threat so investors are not selling the currency in exchange for the dollar. As the U.S economy seems to topple as seen in the fourth quarter of 2012, the Euro has gained strength since the report. 2c. An ascending Euro is very useful for the Euro zone countries for obvious reasons such as a strong economy. There also a disadvantage to a strong Euro; as the currency ascends it threatens the export industry as the trading partners find it over expensive. For more developed countries the

Commercial Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Commercial Work - Essay Example As contracting can be seen to take place not only concerning allocation or the provision of goods and services. Reorganization or income maintenance programmes might be selected 'contracts' between politicians on the one hand and the populace on the other hand. One could make a peculiarity between true contracts and symbolic contracts here, as talking about some things as 'contracts' is simply using a metaphor. Contracts as fiction are characteristically indefinite, as it is far from clear that the contracting parties are, when the contract was in fact made and how it is being observed or monitored. Fictional contracts cannot be implemented by a third party. Classification of procurement is so diverse from the world of the models, and their consequent implications, used by economists in learning procurement contracting that two conclusions seem acceptable. The first is that there is substantial opportunity for optimal contract theory to contribute to better efficiency in defense procurement. The second is that the authenticities of defense procurement have significant implications for how economists must study contracting incentives and competence in defense procurement. Procurement comprises a wide variety of goods ranging from standard items such as uniforms and ammunition to major weapons systems whose acquisition might take ten to fifteen years to complete. Procurement of standard items is acquiescent to competitive bidding and fixed-price contracts, but competition and fixed-price contracts are less, and negotiated contracts more, proper for major weapons systems that are composite, involve yet-to-be-developed technologies, and have performance objectives that might be unattainable or impossible at reasonable cost. Particularly in the case of systems that entail research and development, the capability to anticipate future technological developments is limited, and even if the possibilities can be recognized, it may be impractical to offer contractual contingencies for all potential events. Understanding procurement process The complications of major weapons systems acquisition are replicated in the procurement process which comprises a series of stages commencing with defense preparedness planning, program outset, initial research and development, source selection, system development, production, and follow-ons (e.g., spares). The production and follow-on phases are the most acquiescent to economic modeling and analysis, but numerous of the determinants of program cost and weapons system performance have already been mostly decided by the time a production contract is negotiated. The subject of economic analysis thus must be on the larger procurement proces

Effective Business Communication Routines Essay

Effective Business Communication Routines - Essay Example In practice, communication is an unavoidable venture in running day-to-day business and, therefore, the way communication is to be done must be effective in disseminating the message. It is worth noting that communication is a process that involves delivery of messages from the sender to the recipient and back. In both ways, the message delivered should have qualities such as clarity, accuracy, brevity, preciseness, and sensitivity to needs and emotions of the recipients. (Belch &Belch, 1993). Stacks and Salwen (2008) stated that efficient communication is subject to regulation by specific moral values. Business ethics control a companies’ course of action as per the accepted moral standards and principles. Ethics are applicable to the way a company relates to the customer and the society as a whole. Stacks and Salwen (2008) further, added that ethics in business language refers to the practical use of regulations, values, and set standards of discipline related to a business setup. Ethics act as a guide to business behavior and order that propels the business in the right direction. This order controls preparation of documents and fosters good relationship between employees and clients. This relationship is fostered when communication is done effectively and positively leaving no chances to arrogance in routine messages and replies (Stacks & Salwen, 2008). In order to prepare an effective business communication message, there is a need to apply the three-step process of writing routine positive messages and replies. Body Nearly all communication activities performed by officers in a business firm can be viewed in two perspectives: Firstly, all communications dealing with real work for instance contacting business clients. Secondly, communication actions dealing with internal issues for example communicating across departments or management. Internal communication is divided into two parts: Important communication, whereby a new message with an attached value is passed for instance an answer or resolution to a puzzling problem, talks, team consultations, and planning. The other part of internal communication is routine which includes; submitting reports and assignments to relevant departments and authorities, sharing experiences in the face of a problem or a challenge just to mention a few. This paper focuses on Routine Replies and Positive Messages a sub section of internal communication (Guffey & Almonte, 2008). The letter below is an example of a complain letter to the accounts department in a business firm whose services were not satisfactory. It follows the three-step progression of writing routine positive messages (Bovee & Thill, 2008). The tone is professional, expects a fair adjustment and all correspondents has been documented. It comprises of three parts delivering the message, which are; Problem statement in the first paragraph, Details of the letter, and explanation of the problem in the second paragraph and action or solution expected in the third paragraph. Managing director, Print Point Company, 8452 Green valley. February 1, 2012. To: The chief accountant, Accounts department, Dear Sir, RE: DEPARTMENTAL COMPLAINTS As someone who has worked with this firm for a long time, the board was very dissatisfied with the quality of work done by your department in the last financial year. We expected you to

People Like Us David Brook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People Like Us David Brook - Essay Example In essence, Brooks was referring to the depraved reputation Democrats hold against Republicans, who presumably engage in drug abuse, driving pickup trucks made by American companies and often own guns, which they use during their violent acts. Through mentioning tobacco and gun racks to the audience, who are the readers of this article, Brooks engages them emotionally and clarifies the point of homogeneity.He emphatically employs the use of symbolism and simile rhetorical strategies in an interesting manner to drive his point effectively. Owning of pickup trucks symbolizes the loyalty of a person to America, as it is the case with Republicans, and by likening living in Great Falls, Virginia to forcing the Democratic lawyer’s kid into tobacco smoking and compelling her to own guns, emotions are evoked to the reader through the smile.It is easy to evoke emotions in the reader by supporting assertions with quality evidence; Brooks talks about the manner in which people are aiding in creating homogeneity, despite its ill motives, and gives quality evidence on this issue.In his bid to show how people do not care about diversity in the US, Brooks uses several examples of firms, institutions and even suggests the use of the Bell Curve. It is interesting that he uses examples that are widely known and the audience, which of constitute readers, can relate to them without difficulty. When the audience is familiar with what the author is giving as evidence for a given assertion, emotions are evoked.

Nursing In Critical Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing In Critical Care - Case Study Example Patients benefit from such practices and procedures; however, there are instances when these processes and procedures are not adequately carried out during the practice. In the emergency department, critically ill patients are often encountered and they often end up being referred to the intensive care unit. Assessments in the emergency unit are carried out on these patients. Such processes yield essential information pertinent to the patient’s care. After such data is gathered and the patient is referred to the ICU staff, information is then handed over to the ICU staff. In some instances, however, the information handed over is incomplete or is not adequately explained to the nurses in the ICU. Such a situation represents a failure of communication between the two nursing teams. In some instances, essential information is not turned over to the critical care nurses because the focus seems to be on the critical condition of the patient. Aside from incomplete information relay ed, there also seems to be a lack of clarity on the data transmitted during the handover process. The handover has been highlighted in the emergency unit I am currently working with as an important process. I have been taught that it can influence the quality and continuity of patient care. Even with these instructions, however, there are still many instances when there are issues and incomplete data transmitted during the handover process. Based on these considerations, it is safe to assume that there are gaps in our current knowledge and practice, especially in terms of patient handover to intensive care nurses. This paper shall seek to establish the possible factors affecting an effective handover process and the different gaps and issues seen in the practice and the application of this procedure.  

Understanding Today's Generation Research Paper

Understanding Today's Generation - Research Paper Example Although there are a range of factors that contribute to this divergence which has been noted, it cannot and should not be ignored that one of the fundamental aspects motivating this divergence and change is with respect to several of the most dominant generations that defined the 20th century. Accordingly, it is necessary to examine and understand the Baby Boom Generation (1946 to 1964) and Generation X (1965 to 1983). As a means of realizing the unique dynamics that existed within these generations and the continued impact upon the way in which development is realized, it will further be necessary to draw a level of prediction with regards to the generation of the Millenials (1984 to 2002). Firstly, with regards to the Baby Boom Generation, one of the most prevalent differentials that exist is with relation to the role that minorities and women play within society as well as the extent to which technology pervades, and the way in which individuals communicate and identify with one another. Interestingly, the interview that was performed helped to highlight this very differential with regards to the way in which technology was seen as one of the most important differentials separating the Baby Boom Generation from that of Generation X, and the Millenials (Martacchio 395). However, what cannot be said is that from the interview that was conducted the individual respondent was of the view that either Generation X or the Millenial generation were â€Å"worse† than her own. This is an interesting concept to integrate with due to the fact that pervasive societal knowledge and impressions from the media oftentimes integrate a belief that current society is declining and far worse with respect to overall morality and ethics than the ones which it been evidence previously. However, as stated, neither the research which was performed to inform this particular essay nor the interview led credence to this particular point of view. Said the interviewee with regards to the negative role of technology within current generations and society, â€Å"People do not have real face time with each other to communicate verbal or non-verbally† (Holmes 2). In this way, the reader can see that the most important piece of information which was related was with respect to the way in which technology and technological advancement have weakened human communication within current generations. Interestingly, Generation X stands in stark contrast to many of the more rigid and conservative mores and norms that the Baby Boom generation exhibited. Ultimately, before delving too deeply into Generation X and/or seeking to understand prime motivators and reasons for behavioral actions, it must be understood that this was the first generation that grew up in an era that was not defined by the Second World War. Rather, this was a generation of political action, protests, civil rights, and the Vietnam War. In this way, the reader can and should realize the Generati on X takes many of the positive features from the Baby Boom Generation as well as many of the positive features from the Millenials. This is due to the fact that, according to the research which has been read to direct this analysis, Generation X traditionally has a work ethic that is on par if not above that of the Baby Boomer generation. Yet a further interesting dynamic exists within this particular generation due to the fact that it was the first generation that was able to integrate directly with the growing technological revolution which took place (Shoch 26). Whereas the Baby Boom Generation was necessitated to create the technological revolution and seek to integrate life within it, Generation X was able to grow up in a world that

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Example for Free

Different Cusines I Eat Essay Eating with the people you love is the most blissful moments you could ever have, and eating your favorite kinds of ethnic cuisines with the people you love†¦ now that’s the best moments you could ever have. One of the delights of life is eating with friends, second to that is talking about eating. And, for an unsurpassed double whammy, there is talking about eating while you are eating with friends. said by Laurie Colwin. Every cuisine had its own taste, culture and history behind every cuisine we eat. My 3 favorite ethnic cuisines are Mediterranean, Far East Asian, and Indian. First kind of ethnic cuisine is Mediterranean. Which gain its name from the countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. The important aspects of the Mediterranean diet are high intakes of grains, fruits, vegetables, olive oil, onions, garlic, fresh herbs, seafood, and cereals, such as nuts, seeds, and dried beans. Cheese, yogurt, fish, and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts, and little red meat is eaten. Some of the common/my favorite foods that you might have heard are hummus, pita, chicken/ beef/ lamb kabobs, chicken/beef/falafel shawarma and baklava. Second kinds of ethnic cuisine are the Far East Asian cuisines. Food is an important part of their history and culture. Rice and noodles compose of the important part in the Asian cuisine. Besides, Asians’ daily meals consist of six food groups: grains (or starch staples), vegetables, fruits, legumes, meat, and spices. Asian cooking has developed into a very sophisticated art because Asian food also focuses on the harmony of sight, smell, taste, and texture. Moreover, color, aroma, and flavor are not the only the key elements in Asian cooking; nutrition is also highly concerned for most Asian dishes are cooked with meat and vegetables together, so the foods are low in calories, high in nutrients, invariably well balanced. In addition, the different climate and agriculture from East to West and North to South, and various cooking methods, such as roasting, boiling, steaming, stewing, and stir-frying create several kinds of Asian cuisine. Third kind of http://componchu. blogspot. com/2005/06/my-final-essay-for-this-semester. html http://jpgmag. com/stories/18131.

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion Health And Social Care Essay

The Incident Of Blood Transfusion Health And Social Care Essay Introduction: Saving lives by means of safety precautions is emphasized by the health institutions. Particularly in clinical care a minute error can jeopardize lives of human beings. Though NHS has promised to serve the best interests of people, lapses in the patient safety seems evident. As a result, NPSA proposed seven steps to safe guard precious life. Over all the literature discusses the patient safety measures, human and system factors contributing to minimize the performance and precision of care administered. During 20th century sudden rise in blood transfusions are evident. Blood is regarded as an important organ. Transfusion is a multi-step process where risk or complications are common. It discusses all the important steps in assessing the human and system errors. Systematic review is done by estimating the risks and proposes a solution of bloodless surgery which is last option to escape from worries of transfusion. The key terms used for search are patient safety, safety culture, blood transfusions, ergonomics, bloodless surgeries, organizational factors and human incidents. Patient Safety: The health sector is a highly pressurized, complex system where in which the potential for error and accidents is ever present. Statistics on International Research suggests that ensuing patient safety is one of the most important challenges faced by the healthcare today, not only in the United Kingdom but also worldwide. It was observed that the root cause of various events and accidents together with a majority of mistakes taking place in medical environment is the system itself-a system whose flaws eventually lead to a human error. The Patient Safety initiative is an innovative, proactive approach that provides basis for eliminating the flaws from the system before they result in to needless tragedies. According to World Health Organization (2011), Patient safety can be defined as a fundamental principle of health care (WHO, 2011). Precisely, the improvements concerning to patient safety demand a complex-system of wide effort, environmental and safety risk management, including in fection control, safe and effective use of medicines, clinical practices and care. Nevertheless, this new patient safety perspective was been developed in United Kingdom through an initial study, commissioned by the Department of Health and Design Council, to deliver ideologies and recommendations for a design approach to minimize the risk of medical error and to promote patient safety across the National Health Service (Department of Health, 2006). On the other hand, Risk an inherent part of health care may lead to severe complications while delaying them might be even more dangerous. At moment, in NHS controlling safety and estimating the risk has become internal process of supporting patients in hospital settings. To improve standards in patient care and for reviewing, documentation of risk form the basis for future investigations. Risk assessments carefully examine the systems to identify the factors that could potentially cause or contribute to patient harm (Department of Health, 2004). These assessments highlight whether adequate precautions are being taken to ensure timely and safer provision of care. Additionally, it indicates further measures needed in future to prevent harm and risk to the patients (Department of Health, 2006). Seven steps by the National Patient Safety Agency were published in 2004. Gives evidence of the risk involved and steps to prevent potential harm by integrating the management of risk, patients involved and the solutions proposed for incidents (National Patient Safety Agency, 2004). Within NHS, Risk Assessment is highly essential as it facilitates the practitioner to minimize both consequences of an adverse effect and risk itself. Risk Assessment provides an earl y warning system and thus maximizes the probability of positive outcomes. Thus, Risk Assessment tool can be used effectively with sound clinical judgment connected with experience of assessing risks. In essence, managing risks of ward-base and evaluation of patients is vital aspect of the tool (Royal College of Nursing, 2004). The Scenario Major concern is that blood is contaminated with infectious diseases like AIDS, hepatitis etc. Though screening being implemented, there is a risk involved while donating blood. Dr Gordec identified patients willing to donate blood being infected and not yet developed antibodies could be detected through screening Blood Borne Disease: A great stride in medicine field has invented new surgical methods and procedures for transfusions. It became a multibillion-dollar industry. Soon, transfusion-related diseases came to the fore. During the Korean War, nearly 22 percent who received plasma transfusions developed hepatitis. By1970s, the U.S. Centers for Disease and Control estimated death due to the hepatitis infected blood, 3500 a year (Awake 2002: Published by Jehovahs witnesses). Case study of heart surgery related patient The rate of mortality is high in patients undergoing heart surgery and kidney transplantation. The incident is treated as adverse event which is not happened at the beginning levels of transfusion. Although the preliminary checking is done, the rate of mortality is high. Patients diagnosed with coronary syndrome were routinely given blood transfusions. Studies published by JAMA admits that folks often choose transfusions are at higher risk of dying when compared with those who refuse. Doctors participated in the study published findings saying: We caution against the routine use of blood transfusion to maintain arbitrary hematocrit levels in stable patients with ischemic heart disease. Nigerian case study: Case of a baby girl infected with HIV positive in Nigeria was reported in the Awake 2008 article titled:HIV- Screened Blood Safe. Soon after the birth, the baby found to be jaundiced. The doctors prescribed transfusion. As fathers blood is incompatible, hospital authorities ordered blood from blood bank. Post transfusion, the baby detected HIV positive, though parents were HIV negative. Investigation is done and the Nigerian Tribune reported a virologist saying: At the time of donating, the donor was at the window period of HIV infection. The window period for HIV infection, is time period taken by the immune system to recover the antibodies for antibody test. It may take 2 to 8 weeks and it varies from person to person. So the screened blood is no safe and carries risk. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation warns: During the test, HIV infected person cannot be detected during that time. In fact, often people are infected at this period of time. The pre-check for immune factors is small mistake but the implication of transfusing the blood has resulted in adverse result which may result in death. Case study of Transfusion-related lung injury (TRALI) Case study of patients administered in hospital for receiving blood products, particularly plasma-containing products for hemolytic reasons. This is quite interesting case, after transfusing blood, the patient contracted transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). When careful investigation is done, though careful administration of right blood and patient identification is carried, the blood cells from the donor reacted with recipients white blood cells was evident. This resulted in the size of the lungs which allow the fluids to enter and may lead to death if not treated correctly. This incident is classified as adverse event, where careful observation is vital in delivering services. The nurse should take a note of reactions and report to higher staff and doctors. Based on the reaction of patients, the nurse should stop transfusing the blood as a precaution measure Human Factors: According to the Health and Safety Executive (1999, p. 2), Human factors influences the behavior of individuals or an organization based on factors like organizational, environmental and job which affects the health and safety of employees and employers. A simple way to view human factors is look into three aspects: the job, the individual and the behavior (Health and Safety Executive, 1999). Categorizing Human Failure It is very important to understand that human failures in relation to transfusion process are not random and there occur specific patterns for their implementation (Manser, 2009). Different types of failures that lead to major accidents in Healthcare sector are worth knowing: Unintentional Errors like slips/lapses, mistakes are basically unplanned actions and these must be eliminated during the training process of human factors. Errors usually occur during the accomplishment of a familiar task such as forgetting something or omissions, maintenance, calibration and testing errors. Mistakes, on the other hand are the errors of judgment and decision making and they appear in situations where nurse behavior is based on familiar procedures or unfamiliar situations where in which decisions are formed form the first principles and lead to miscalculations. By training the nursing staff and other health professionals in Transfusion department, these types of errors can be avoided (Mc Cormick, Wardrope 2003). International Errors involve violations and these differ from the above type of errors as these are well-meaning failure such as non-compliance of procedures or taking a short cut of Transfusion process. These are rarely willful (like sabotage) and usually occur from an intention of getting the job done quickly despite of consequences. These Violations cane be Routine (behavior in opposing to a rule and procedure), Exceptional (that prevail unusual and unpredicted circumstances), Situational (occur as a consequence of factors dictated by workers) and Acts of Sabotage (self explanatory and complex) (Manser 2009). Clinical blood transfusion contains multiple steps and is prone to error. Various studies showed most errors occur outside the clinical laboratory. Errors are likely to happen while collecting the blood components from storage facilities, performing transfusions and while monitoring patients before and after transfusion. The common fear is that patients get infected while receiving the blood components. It occurs very rare. SHOT acknowledges that only 1.4 % infected out of 4,334 adverse events between 1996 and 2007. The greatest risk lies in human error, administering blood to wrong patients or not intended to someone else, accounts to 62.7% of reported cases (SHOT, 2008) Patient Identification: While ensuring blood is administered to the right patient, scrupulous enquiry into patient details is mandatory. Identifying patients is vital and must be confirmed when pre-transfusion is taken, collecting the specimen from storage areas and when blood is injected. Checking the blood bag: Bacteria infected transfusions are major cause of deaths. The staff should remain vigilant and check for the contaminated blood components of red cells and platelet units (SHOT 2008). Nurses should check the blood bag for any discoloration or clumping and also expiry date of the product. Safe Collection: The person/ relative who retrieve the blood from the bank must take a written evidence of patients identity. This must be check against the patients identification band exactly. Details of patients must include such as first name, surname, date of birth and unique identification number (BCSH 1999). It minimizes the risk of being wrong blood collected and giving it to the wrong patient. Pre-administration check: Pre-administration check is vital in ensuring safety measure while donating blood. It includes checking the patient information on the blood pack against the label of the recipient. The staff can enquire with the patients about their details and cross-check with the identification band. Due to ambiguity or unconscious state of recipient, identity can be verified with second staff member and via recognition band. Based on compatibility report or patients note must not be considered as final checking procedure (NPSA, 2006). Nurse should remember the main 2 points. No identification band no transfusion, and always confirm with identity band. The blood group and donation number on the compatibility tie-on tag should match the blood component. If discrepancies are found during the process, the nurse should stop immediately and contact the transfusion laboratory. For example: DOB not matching with identity band. Continuity without distraction is important in verifying the information. In critical conditions, interruption can be allowed. Sometimes it makes them distract to perform checking from beginning to end. Monitoring: Studies show there are differing opinions of observing the patents during transfusion. It is generally agreed observations are recorded before administering. Rowe and Doughty (2000) highlights rate of response to reactions caused by blood without proper monitoring techniques. To respond quickly by the staff constant observation is mandatory. Prior administration checking blood pressure, pulse rate and temperature is recommended (BCSH 1999). During the entire process for every 15 minutes the above recommendations are repeated. Making notes of vital signs for every 15 min is suggested during the first hour and every 30 min from second hour (Castledine 2006). War strategists say that humans are likely to sleep in early hours of morning (3.00 am to 5.00 am). The sleep factor makes the observation bit difficult at night times. During delayed transfusion reactions being vigilant is challenging. System factors: System is defined as interaction with the physical, social and organization environment in which individual operate. It deals with Information technology devices, protocols, legal procedures, working environment, education and training etc. Reducing the medical adverse drug events (ADE) at St. Josephs medical centre, Illinois has led to automation of process. The medication process is quite lengthy and incidents such as unavailable patient information, miscommunication of medication, labeling and storage are often repeated. Information technology cannot replace the humans in critical care, but can reduce the repetitive tasks such as entering the pre-requisite details, including checks for problems. Humans are better than computers while taking complex decisions (Bates 2000). Reliance on individual is emphasized rather than automated systems when explaining errors and accidents (Parker and Lawton 2006). CPOE (computerized physician order system) has made great impact in prevention of medication errors, while orders are written online. The information is structured, contains details about the drug, dosage and frequency. Finally each order is verified for allergies and quantity of dose for patients suffering with kidney and liver problems. The invention of CPOE has resulted in 55% reduction in medication errors (Bates 1998). Decision to transfuse: The decision not to transfuse must outweigh the risk of transfusion. Each blood samples should be given to patient after consideration and when there are no alternatives. Further guidelines and indications can be found at www.bcshguidelines .org.uk and www.sign.ac.uk. Consent: It is better to discuss the treatment option before a decision is reached for prescribing blood components in clinical practices (McClleland 2007). To gain consent for treatment, the patient (parents/guardian) should have access to information about the risks. The patient has the right to refuse the transfusion by assessing the risk factors and alternative techniques. Some may reject the based on religious grounds or because of risks. In cases like these, the nurse should refer to local hospital policy for advice (Grey et al 2007) Religious group Jehovahs Witness, because of their bible-based faith they keep abstaining from blood components. They have a durable power of autonomy (DPA) and the Advance Medical Directive/Release card as into a single legal document, which explains their stand and treatment options. Local hospital policies: Blood is given voluntarily in UK. The hospital authorities have to ensure the blood is used effectively and for the benefit of patients. The nurses should be aware with local hospital policies related to effective use of blood, storage and transportation. Each blood unit is precious; if unused it should be sent back to laboratory to maximize the use by other patients. Safety culture: There is often blame culture. When things go wrong, people may threaten them with disciplinary measures or termination from services. Such individuals should be held accountable, but it acts as deterrent in reporting the adverse event (Department of Health, 2007, p.77). The communication and mutual respect is important, to be an effective team player. Some junior doctors have not found good reasons to transfusion, and are in dilemma about the treatment. They have fear of challenging the treatment options and often budge. In situations like these open debate or discussion should be welcomed by the higher officials, which benefits the patients. There are cases, unnecessarily blood transfusion are opted repeatedly which risks the patient recovery. Recommendations: Alternative techniques: Human errors are inevitable though much care are precision are followed. Blood is an organ and complications are expected while transfusing. There has been a debate about whether blood transfusion is really necessary. Jehovahs witnesses are known world-wide for bloodless surgeries. They have various alternative techniques. In October 2006, Reforma reported more than 30 blood transfusion alternatives. They include cauterizing blood vessels, covering organs with special gauze that releases chemicals that inhibit bleeding, and using blood-volume expanders. Time magazine says the total operative cost for the blood transfusion, the bill comes between $1 billion and $2 billion annually. Sharon Vernon, director for bloodless medicine admits that people are becoming aware of the benefits of bloodless surgeries and its cost cutting environment. The recovery of people is commendable Education and Training: The nurses and midwives needs to be updated with skills and competencies to understand the peri-operative conditions of blood transfusions. To participate in clinical transfusion, NHS Quality Improvement Scotland in 2006 has initiated education initiative and equivalent roles which is a prerequisite for nurses. Role of patients: Ethics published by NMC are available in respecting the patient rights when opting treatment. The patient can play an active role in reducing the accidents by making scrupulous search into the options available, benefits and risks associated. For further information, leaflets are available at hospitals and web resources can be helpful. Conclusion: Patient safety is vital in providing good care. The NHS has worked with NPSA to implement the guidelines for preventing of errors or hazards. Though systems are designed to make error free, complete elimination of mistakes is not possible as we have tendency to err. The literature discusses the human and system factors of blood transfusion. Though pre-administration check, identification of blood bags are done properly, immune factors of the donor has to be tested. The whole process is riskier and involves cost which is burden. Despite safety precautions, it is best to go for blood less surgery which is infection-free; recovery from surgery is almost double and the total cost of surgery is affordable. Competency based training and education enables the nurses and staff to deal successfully with adverse reactions.

A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

A Doll's House    The author, Henrik Ibsen, who wrote other social commentary plays (like Ghosts, Enemy Of The People, and Pillars Of Society), made a departure in this plays ending by having the protagonist run away rather than staying to set an example and continuing to struggle for the better along side others. This scenario creates a sad, troubling and for Nora unjustified ending as she, the protagonist in A Doll's House, leaves Torvold, her husband. She destroys any hope that married couples can reconcile differences and learn to change and grow with one another. Nora's exit is a self- destructive assertion of her childlike and romantic view of life, that somehow, someway, things will work out even though there is no plan on her part as to how.   By leaving, Nora, with no expectation of a support system, provides no significant transforming effect upon her family's lives and views.   Nora has an egotistical and self-centered idea about life and this is further exposed when she dec ides to abandon her family. Everyone must compromise at some time in their lives. This leads to cooperation in family and in society and is the essence of survival and growth. Nora's need to be in control and her role playing manipulations, makes her an equally guilty party in the promotion and continuation of a stilted and stifling middle class lifestyle that was Norway in the mid 1800's.    The title sets up the metaphor - this is truly a doll's house. But in this case the main    characters are not only the dolls themselves but the doll master and mistress each vying for    power and control. This is a central conflict of the play. Torvold may be the master in the eyes    of society and adopt a conventionally controlling tone but Nora has the real control by her    power of manipulation. Nora is the one who is getting her own way, eating macaroons and    spending money (and getting more) as her wishes prompt. Appearing confident and happy    she shows no sign of dissatisfaction with the role. She gives the porter who brought    the Christmas tree an over-generous tip despite a lack of money

Virginia Woolfs To The Lighthouse †Role of Wife and Mother Essay

To the Lighthouse – Role of Wife and Mother Woolf portrays the character of Mrs. Ramsay as a self sacrificing woman and mother as defined through her interactions with men: Charles Tansley, Mr. Carmichael, Paul, Mr. Bankes, Mr. Ramsay, and James. During Mrs. Ramsay's lifetime she is admired by most of these men, and is continually striving to be esteemed by all of them, at any sacrifice to herself. Although there is goodness in Mrs. Ramsay, not unselfishly given, there are also rising questions of this representation of mother by Woolf, primarily put forth through the characters of Lily and Mrs. Ramsay's daughters. In thinking about herself as a mother, Mrs. Ramsay says that, "She often felt she was nothing but a sponge sopped full of human emotions."(p.32) She is the person responsible for appeasing the worries of her husband and caring for the needs of her children, not to mention the stray people, mostly men, for whom she cares. In this particular paragraph, she defines what is to be a woman, wife, and mother in England at the beginning of the centu...

The Push Mower From Hell :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Push Mower From Hell "It's time to get up, son. You've got work to do today." My father's gravelly voice brought my reluctant subconscious out of the realm of its peaceful slumber. How dare he, I wondered to myself, interrupt my rest and force me awake on the most sacred of days: the Cartoon Sabbath. Still slightly disoriented, I went into the kitchen to feed myself a bowl of Cheerios and plant myself in front of a "Winnie the Pooh" rerun. I had scarcely finished my third bowl when my father returned, somewhat angered. "I believe that I told you that we were going to do some yardwork today. How about coming out and lending a hand?" I agreed meekly, owing to the fact that I had no desire to risk conflict with my father. After brushing my teeth and slapping on a tee shirt, shorts, and shoes, I trudged outside. The hot summer sun beat down heavily on the back of my neck. Because of a combination of heat and fatigue, I felt as if I were drunk. I staggered over to the riding lawnmower, relieved by the thought of being able to sit down while appeasing my parents at the same time. My brother, the impish little troll that he is, having the same idea, had already confiscated the mower for his own selfish gain. He had left for the lot next door, which was easy to cut compared to the banks that I was left with. I gave him an evil glance that shouted my disapproval of his actions and marched towards the much hated, seldom used push mower. The push mower was an angry, rust ridden, hostile beast of ill intent. I don't think anyone in my family ever expected to have to use the beast, so it became more like a family joke to see whom we could stick it to each time grass needed to be cut. It was temperamental and took at least five minutes of heavy pulling on the unforgiving cord to finally get it started. It had at one time been a self propelled mower, but the chain broke long ago, leaving a free spinning gear rotating dangerously near the operator's low appendages. The machine gave off a low threatening growl, reminding us to approach it with a certain amount of animosity, if not respect.

Cultural background Essay

1. How do cultures shape minds? The cultural ancestry of a certain individual often makes an impression on the individual itself. However, if the individual is more often exposed to a certain culture that is totally different from their ancestry, there is a greater chance of adapting to the said culture in order for them to â€Å"fit-in† with the population. 2. What cultures affect middle and high school students? The Hispanic/Mexican and Asian cultures have more effect on middle and high school students since they make sure that the next generation realize the importance of having their own distinct culture regardless of their ability to adapt to the cultural conditions of the country where they reside. 3. What literacies influence student’s thinking and behavior in and out of school? Literacy in the English language is the major influence followed by literacy in cultural heritage. 4. Where is our adolescent literacy crisis rooted? It lies in the ability of the adolescent to adjust to both the family and social environment in relation to their quest for knowledge during their formative years. 5. How can teachers respond to literacy and learning challenges in their content area classrooms? The teachers can set the learning pace that would put the students, regardless of intellect or cultural background, at ease in the classrooms making them eager to learn more.

Hippolytus: Seneca, Euripides, Ovid

Liz Soolkin Hippolytus Seneca, Euripides, Ovid The bilgewater of Hippolytus, a man wronged and killed by his take stepm some separate is a falsehood retold by many dissimilar writers. For this paper, I hold in chosen to discuss the myth as retold by Ovid, Seneca, and Euripides. Each multiform has a few distinct differences that impacts the heart of the myth as whole. While reading apiece myth, the ratifier receives a solely divergent sense from the story, a conclusion that is strange to sever entirelyy(prenominal) story.The difference in each retelling that changes the nub of the story about signifi orduretly is the stepmother, Phaedras role and the emphasis each motive places on her genius in his form of the story. The variations in the portrayal of her cite provide each story a contrastive meaning a deep portion of the meaning comes from the contri barelyors ability or inability to furbish up to Phaedra this ability dep hold ons on the writes portrayal of her and her actions.Senecas magnetic variation of the story of Hippolytuss closing is called Phaedra. Before charge beginning to read the narrative, the reader understands that Phaedra is the chief(prenominal) showcase in the story the important strife of the story is unitary amidst her and her stepson. She does e precisething in her power to get Hippolytus to residue with her she asks the nurse to convince him and yet tries to do so herself by and by fainting in his arms. She does non seem to care or so his upstanding morals or her own morals.Aphrodites curse on her has led her to be so determined to sleep with her stepson that she ignores her itidy sums and the ideals of Hippolytus. When she is rejected, she dots the lies some Hippolytus having raped her and lives to see the consequences of those lies though she is in control of the situation and could physically collapse the story from ending tragically, she does vigor to counter her stepson from being cursed by his father. She is existent when Hippolytus mangled mud is brought to her and her husband, Hippolytuss father, Theseus.Only so does she realize her immense bewilder because she recognizes that her venal actions lead to Hippolytuss undoing and that her make for revenge is what causes Hippolytus to suffer his horrendous fate. Her rape only comes after she causes her stepsons death. In Euripides form, Phaedra kills herself ahead Hippolytus is cursed. She leaves a suicide government none blaming Hippolytus with her death. She is unable to outlive Hippolytus and see the consequences of her vengeful actions.Unlike in Senecas version, in Euripidess retelling Phaedra dies and has no ability to stop the spread of lies round Hippolytus. She can do nothing to take back her actions like she could open in Senecas version. The reader can accept Phaedras actions more in Euripidess version because she dies, attempting to keep herself morally good and free from disconcert and iniq uity for her lust she is portrayed more as essentially a good soul who is cursed by Aphrodite and her liking to her stepson. mavin can be more empathic to her in this version because Aphrodite could cast the resembling curse on anyone.In her death, she blames Hippolytus of rape, relating her to Senecas version of her character as a acidulous person, intent on revenge, someone to whom the reader cannot easily relate. Ovids retelling of the myth of Hippolytus is totally different from Seneca and Euripides narratives. First of all, Ovids narration starts with Hippolytuss narration of the story the reader is first introduced to Hippolytus as someone returned from the stone- dead(p) so, even without reading the story, the reader already knows that Hippolytus suffers tragic death at the end of the story.Because he is telling his story to a bystander, Hippolytus does not go into great position of his life he recounts the story of his stepmothers betrayal in a very short and succi nct manner, concentrating more on the throe he faced when his limbs were involve in the reins of his chariot (Ovids Metamorphoses p. 539 line 608-609). The item that Hippolytus talks of his own death in a conversational manner, attempting to console genus Egeria is important because it is one of Ovids techniques that he used to place the readers attention on Hippolytus.Whereas Seneca wrote about Phaedra and depict the story with her as the main character, Ovid wrote about Hippolytus, from Hippolytuss point of look. In this story, Aphrodite is not even discovered as being the instigator of Phaedras lust. Phaedra is portrayed as a cold-blooded, merciless killer who did not disembodied spirit shame for her murder of Hippolytus. The shame aspect, that was so important in defining the other authors versions of the myth, is absent from Ovids version. Phaedras shames absence seizure from the myth can be explained by the fact that Hippolytus himself is narrating the story.Ovid gives the reader a locating from the victims point-of-view, which does not view any guiltiness mat up by Phaedra as relevant. Even if she timbres guilt, she is still held liable for her actions. Whereas in the other myths, the reader knows that Aphrodite is the final examination cause of Hippolytuss death and Phaedra is not completely guilty, in Ovids myth, she is not mentioned since Hippolytus was not aware of her influence on Phaedra. The three versions portrayals of Phaedra are important when analyzing the different meanings of the multiform myth.The difference lies in the different conflicts that arise in each myth and the various sources of Phaedras shame, or the absence of it. In Euripides version of the story, the main difference of the myth lies in Phaedras knowledgeable conflict she struggles with her desires and is unable to express them and deal with them in a healthy vogue. She must use the economic aid of her nurse to help her and before the story is over, the sha me of her evil thoughts kills her. Unlike Euripides version, Senecas retelling of the myth shows her conflict to be one with Hippolytus.Phaedras every action is a struggle against Hippolytus material morals and chastity. The story is one of a fight between the two characters, think with Hippolytus loss of life, an event that leads to Phaedras shame and eventually her death. Ovid tells the story as a conflict between Hippolytus and Phaedra from Hippolytus point-of-view. Hippolytus, in Ovids version is wronged by his stepmother, who is portrayed as evil and coldhearted. There is no mention of any shame she might feel for her stepsons murder the lack of shame depicts as heartless, an obvious antagonist to Hippolytus.From these differences, one can interpret that a greater meaning lies in the three authors definitions of shame. Whereas Phaedra in Senecas version is shameful of her own immoral thoughts and urges, the other Phaedra, in Euripides version, only realizes her guilt when sh e sees Hippolytus dead body she acts more child-like, not accept that such terrible consequences could come from her actions until she sees them. Ovid differs completely in his view of shame. He sees it as irrelevant to the victims suffering and pain.In his version, Hippolytus does not consider Phaedra as having felt any remorse for her actions, he sees her as a coldblooded killer who caused him immense grief. The way I began to analyze the myths of Hippolytus was to think about the major differences between the characters. Because the story is all about the characters rather than the setting or culture, I thought that the differences of each character among each multiform would give me a clear view of the meanings of each multiform. The character that seems to influence each story the most is Phaedra.I could have gone into greater feature about the differences amongst each Hippolytus, Theseus, and nurse precisely I realized that analyzing those differences would precede in an e ssay of 20 pages and would not be as meaningful. Relying on the differences among each authors version of Phaedra to give meaning to the differences was very fruitful. I managed to find that the differences in Phaedras character were based in her decisions throughout the story. In one story, she killed herself before Hippolytus was dead in another version, she killed herself after Hippolytus died and in the third version, she was barely even mentioned.Each story showed her as more or less humane in Euripidess and Senecas versions of the story, Aphrodite was mentioned as the source of her attraction to Hippolytus. The godesss participation in the criminal offence took some of the blame off of Phaedras shoulders and made it easier for the reader to relate to Phaedra. In Ovids version, Aphrodite was not mentioned and Hippolytuss death was viewed as a direct result of Phaedras cruel passion. More differences between Seneca and Euripidess versions could be found and meaning could be dis covered from the timing of Phaedras death.I asked myself, why caused her to die before or after Hippolytus and what is the meaning of the difference in her suicide? I realized that in both cases, shame had caused her to kill herself but in each story, shame was a result of something different. In Euripidess version, Phaedra kills herself because of her own immorality she feels guilty about her infernal passions towards Hippolytus. In Senecas versions, she commits suicide from guilt of seeing Hippolytuss mangled corpse and realizing that her actions had caused his death.

Principles of Ecotourism

Introduction description of sustainability. Briefly mentions environmental, experiential, socio-cultural and economic sustainability in relation to ecotourism. environmental sustainability immensity of environmental sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they be apply Experiential sustainability richness of experiential sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they be utilize Socio-cultural sustainabilitygrandness of socio-cultural sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they atomic number 18 applied sparing sustainability Importance of economic sustainability in managing ecotourism and examples of impacts Strategies for achieving sustainability and how they are applied Conclusion Introduction Environmental sustainability Importance of environmental sustainability * Strategies* for achieving environmental sustainabilityAccommodating for hundreds of visitors has disadvantages for a come in if the wildlife or vegetation isnt cap commensurate to wear an increased level of exposure. Thats why solidification of a site allows that sites carrying subject to be increased e. g. pit toilets, board walks and unless still limiting number to ensure tokenish impact of that site. The Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, Australia, have installed board walks along the track for the concerns of environmental degradation and overcrowding.The boarded sections are completed in crank lands in the national park with large sizeableness for an ecosystem. The softening of a site refers to soil heterotaxy and replanting of native vegetation to rehabilitate the site as much as possible. There are umteen handicraftes that were built with very low levels of impact, because of the extensive question done before the construction of their bu ilding. The Couran Cove Resort in Queensland assessed the area for their resort before construction and outside the native vegetation, planning to replant them after the extremity of facilities.A number of environmental measures were put in place during the construction of the resort, much(prenominal) as facility of solar powered cabins, identification and mapping of significant trees, strategies to manage acid sulphate soils, and an integrated pee management system. As a result of many an(prenominal) of these management strategies, the resort has become an industry loss leader in environmentally dainty technologies. Visitation quotas and fees are a clever strategy to maintain a high revenue flow for the protect area and continue tolerate management.Zoning and site bent influence visitation levels in specified areas, so these factors are considered when implementing fees and quotas. The overall number of visitors can be modified through the imposition of quotas and subst ance abuser fees quotas are formal restrictions on visitor numbers and user fees (entry fees and other fees) increase the latter until visitor fill falls below the carrying capacity threshold. Mt cow National Park in Victoria, Australia charges entry fees for visitors, whether live or just visiting. These fees are put towards managing the park, including unbendable maintenance of provided facilities.There are methods to restricting and allowing appropriate viewing or access of wildlife by providing t severallying and education to tourists specifying users about the recreational election and current level of use. Making the users more sensitive to the potential impacts their behaviours might have on the environment is an effective vogue to make them aware. Experiential sustainability Importance of experiential sustainability The experience of the tourist is consequential to be aware of to evaluate the sustainability in the way it is implemented. hoi polloi learn better when they are actively voluminous in the learning process and use as many senses as appropriate. Interpretation is effective way to educate tourists because it works with the visitors rather than against them. Such techniques embarrass visitor centres, education centres, displays and exhibits, self-guided trails and guided tours. These techniques are strategies to inform tourists of the natural environment to which they participate in, to help visualise the importance of sustainably managing activities in a site. Strategies for achieving experiential sustainabilitySocio-cultural sustainability Importance of socio-cultural sustainability Socio-cultural sustainability of ecotourism relates to the stability of friendly and cultural systems, including the wellbeing of local anesthetic and indigenous communities. Their involvement is important for tourism to be successful and unique. It is a significant contribution to ecotourisms global following. Socio-cultural and economic sustainabili ty are linked unitedly to also facilitate the wellbeing and satisfaction of visitors. Strategies for achieving socio-cultural sustainabilityEconomic sustainability Importance of economic sustainability Economic sustainability is associated with socio-cultural sustainability relating to the stability of social and cultural systems, including the wellbeing of local communities. The impacts of economics in local communities include start-up expenses (acquisition of land, establishment of protected areas, superstructure, and infrastructure), on-going expenses (maintenance of infrastructure, promotion, and wages), revenue uncertainties, and revenue leakage due to imports and non-local participation.Examples of arbitrary aspects of economics include direct employment, improvement of menu and communication systems negative aspects of economics include no local employment opportunities, and leakages may be high. Establishing a protected area requires lots of expenses to be able to maint ain the environment sustainably. The development of buildings and infrastructure such as visitor centres and toilets require regular maintenance, which fashion there needs to be enough income to prevent a standard quality.Employing staff can be limited when money is scarce, maybe even work employees. For example, the Cape Otway Centre for Conservation Ecology in the Great Otway National Park is an ecotourism operation that was established in 2004. The owners of the Conservation Centre opened the business to become involved in conservation projects and investigate biodiversity conservation. When opening the operation, the owners budget was limited and was unable to employ enough staff to assert up with the daily routine activities such as delivering service to guests and running of education programs.Their only prime(a) was to employ enough to manage the business and providing the serve themselves. *Strategies for achieving economic *sustainability Economic sustainability rela tes to the income of an operation or protected area to maintain the natural environment or site. Such income can come from user fees (publics willingness to pay), taxation (sales tax, accommodation tax) and donations (lack of resources or money for threaten species). Earth Sanctuaries is a association that operates a web of privately-owned sanctuaries, set up with the aim of conserving native wildlife species.The company has eradicated exotic species from all of its properties, and has erected fencing that excludes feral animals from each sanctuary. To fund its conservation efforts, the company offers a commix of ecotourism products including accommodation, tours, and an environmental education program. These products are managed to provide the on-going profit needed to run the sanctuaries, and to provide dividends to the companys shareholders. Conclusion Sustainable tourism is important to be properly managed when utilising the natural environment.The four components of susta inability are environmental, experiential, socio-cultural and economic sustainability, each is critical principle for achieving ecotourism. to each one component is linked to another and one cannot process well without the others. Ecotourism is difficult to be completely sustainable for the natural environment, but can be managed to background low impact. This is done by the four components betwixt each they interact with one anothers resources to appropriate management the natural environment linking in concert to facilitate the wellbeing of local communities. References